LONDON NUCLEAR WARFARE TRIBUNAL
Evidence, Commentary, and Judgment

Contents

Preface
Preface	Preface
Chapter 1
1	Introduction
1.1	The Relevance of International Law
1.2	Substantive Foundations
1.2.1	Just War Doctrine
1.2.2	Customary Norms of International Law
1.2.3	Treaty Rules and Principles
1.2.4	Supplementary Norms with Legal Force
1.3	Method of Inquiry
1.4	Overview of Tribunal Scope
1.4.1	Evidence before the Tribunal
Chapter 2
2	Relevant International Law
2.1	Lawfulness of Nuclear Weapons - Position of Nuclear States
2.2	Sources of International Law
2.3	Relevant Treaties, Declarations and Conventions
2.3.1	The St Petersberg Declaration 1868
2.3.2	The Hague Conventions of 1907
2.3.3	Geneva Gas Protocol 1925
2.3.4	United Nations Charter 1945
2.3.5	Nuremberg Judgment 1946
2.3.6	Genocide Convention 1948
2.3.7	Geneva Conventions 1949
2.3.8	Nuremberg Principles 1950
2.3.9	McCloy Zorin Accords 1961
2.3.10	Test-Ban Treaty 1963
2.3.11	Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968
2.3.12	Biological Weapons Convention 1972
2.3.13	Geneva Protocols I and II 1977
2.3.14	Conventional Weapons Convention 1981
2.4	Additional Treaties and Conventions
Chapter 3
3	Use of Nuclear Weapons
3.1	General Effects of Nuclear Weapons
3.2	Medical and Environmental Effects of Nuclear War
3.2.1	Atomic Bomb Effects on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
3.2.2	Consequences of Nuclear Attack on the UK
3.2.3	Nuclear War and the Provision of Health Services
3.2.4	Longer Term Effects of Low-Level Radiation
3.2.5	Long-Term Effects on the Global Ecosphere
3.2.6	Tribunal Conclusions on Global Ecosphere Effects
3.3	Nuclear Weapons and Strategy
3.3.1	Detonation of a Single Weapon
3.3.2	Detonation of Single Weapon in Water
3.3.3	Use of Single Weapon on Land
3.3.4	Use of Single Weapon as Demonstration
3.3.5	Tendency of Weaponry and Strategies Towards Use
3.4	Lawful Use of Nuclear Weapons - Is It Conceivable?
Chapter 4
4	Possession of Nuclear Weapons
4.1	General Evidence on Possession
4.2	Deterrence and the Evolution of Technology
4.3	Change of Governmental Policies
4.4	Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI)
4.5	Military Manuals and a Soldier's Duty
4.6	Sovereignty
4.6.1	The Loss of Constitutional Powers
4.6.2	Loss of Sovereignty of Members of Alliances
4.7	Neutrality
4.8	Unlawfulness of Possession of Nuclear Weapons
Chapter 5
5	Public Conscience
5.1	Morality and Dictates of the Public Conscience
5.2	Mass Movements against Nuclear Weapons
5.3	Individual Responsibility and Nuclear Weapons
5.4	Legal Challenges to Nuclear Weapons
5.5	Mass Movements and The Military
5.6	The United Nations and Nuclear Weapons
Chapter 6
6	Value of International Law
6.1	General Evidence on Value of International Law
6.2	Interpretation of International Law
6.3	General Remarks on the Evidence
Chapter 7
7	Judgment and Recommendations
7.1	Preamble
7.2	Judgment of the Tribunal
7.2.1	Implications for Governments
7.2.2	Implications for Statesmen, Policy-Makers, Strategists, Advisors, Scientists, Engineers, Military Commanders in Nuclear Weapons States and their Allies
7.2.3	Implications for Dissenters, Protesters, Resisters, and Ordinary Citizens
7.3	Recommendations of the Tribunal
Appendix A
Appendix A	Nuremberg Principles
Appendix B
Appendix B	McCloy-Zorin Accords
Appendix C
Appendix C	Baden Consultation
Appendix D
Appendix D	Interim Declaration
D.1	Preliminary Conclusions
D.2	Recommendations
Appendix E
Appendix E	Judges
E.1	Sean MacBride LL.D D.Litt - Chairman of the Tribunal
E.2	Richard Falk B.Sc. LL.B. J.S.D.
E.3	Dorothy Hodgkin OM FRS
E.4	Maurice Wilkins CBE MA PhD LLD FRS
Appendix F
Appendix F	Tribunal Supporting Organizations
Appendix G
Appendix G	Convenors of the Tribunal
Appendix H
Appendix H	List of Evidence before the Tribunal
H.1	Moral Issues
H.2	Medical and Environmental Effects
H.3	Current Weaponry and Strategy
H.4	Legal Implications
H.5	Books Submitted to the Tribunal