LONDON NUCLEAR WARFARE TRIBUNAL
Evidence,
Commentary, and Judgment
Appendix B
McCloy-Zorin Accords
JOINT STATEMENT OF AGREED PRINCIPLES
FOR DISARMAMENT NEGOTIATIONS
20th September 1961
The United States and the USSR have agreed to recommend the following
principles as the basis for future multilateral negotiations on
disarmament and to call upon other states to cooperate in reaching
early agreement on general and complete disarmament in a peaceful world
in accordance with these principles:
- SECURE DISARMAMENT AND PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES.. .WAR NO
LONGER.
The goal of negotiations is to achieve agreement on a
programme which will ensure:
- That disarmament is general and complete and war is no longer an
instrument for settling international problems, and
- That such disarmament is accompanied by the establishment of
reliable procedures for the peaceful settlement of disputes and
effective arrangements for the maintenance of peace in accordance with
the principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
- RETENTION OF NON-NUCLEAR FORCES FOR DOMESTIC ORDER AND A UN PEACE
FORCE
The programme for general and complete disarmament shall
ensure that States have at their disposal only such non-nuclear
armaments, forces, facilities, and establishments as are agreed to be
necessary to maintain internal order and protect the personal security
of citizens; and that States shall support and provide manpower for a
United Nations peace force.
- ALL MILITARY FORCES, BASES, STOCKPILES, WEAPONS, AND EXPENSES TO BE
ENDED
To this end, the programme for general and complete
disarmament shall contain the necessary provisions, with respect to the
military establishment of every nation for:
- The disbanding of armed forces, the dismantling of military
establishments, including bases, the cessation of the production of
armaments as well as their liquidation or conversion to peaceful uses;
- The elimination of all stockpiles of nuclear, chemical,
bacteriological, and other weapons of mass destruction, and the
cessation of the production of such weapons;
- The elimination of all means of delivery of weapons of mass
destruction;
- The abolition of organizations and institutions designed to
organize the military efforts of States, the cessation of military
training, and the closing of all military training institutions; and
- The discontinuance of military expenditures.
- IMPLEMENTATION BY TIMED STAGES WITH COMPLIANCE AND VERIFICATION
AGREED TO AT EVERY STAGE
The disarmament programme should be
implemented in an agreed sequence, by stages, until it is completed,
with each measure and stage carried out within specified time-limits.
Transition to a subsequent stage in the process of disarmament should
take place upon a review of the implementation measures included in the
preceding stage and upon a decision that all such measures have been
implemented and verified and that any additional verification
arrangements required for measures in the next stage are, when
appropriate, ready to operate.
- EQUITABLE BALANCE AT EVERY STAGE SO NO ADVANTAGE TO ANYONE AND
SECURITY FOR ALL
All measures of general and complete disarmament
should be balanced so that at no stage of the implementation of the
treaty could any State or group of States gain military advantage and
that security is ensured equally for all
- STRICT CONTROL TO MAKE SURE OF COMPLIANCE BY ALL PARTIES AND
CREATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL DISARMAMENT ORGANIZATION WITH INSPECTORS
HAVING UNRESTRICTED ACCESS EVERYWHERE WITHOUT VETO FOR FULL
VERIFICATION
All disarmament measures should be implemented from
beginning to end under such strict and effective international control
as would provide firm assurance that all parties are honoring their
obligations. During and after the implementation of general and
complete disarmament, the most thorough control should be exercised,
the nature and extent of each control depending on the requirements for
verification of the disarmament measures being carried out in each
stage. To implement control over and inspection of disarmament, an
international disarmament organization including all parties to the
agreement should be created within the framework of the United Nations.
This international disarmament organization and its inspectors should
be assured unrestricted access without veto to all places, as necessary
for the purpose of effective verification.
- DISARMAMENT PROCESS MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY MEASURES TO MAINTAIN
PEACE AND SECURITY AND A UNITED NATIONS PEACE FORCE STRONG ENOUGH TO
DETER OR SUPPRESS ANY THREAT OR USE OF ARMS IN VIOLATION OF THE UNITED
NATIONS CHARTER
Progress in disarmament should be accompanied by
measures to strengthen institutions for maintaining peace and the
settlement of international disputes by peaceful means. During and
after the implementation of the programme of general and complete
disarmament, there should be taken, in accordance with the principles
of the United Nations Charter, the necessary measures to maintain
international peace and security, including obligations of States to
place at the disposal of the United Nations agreed manpower necessary
for an international peace force to be equipped with agreed types of
armaments. Arrangements for the use of this force should ensure that
the United Nations can effectively deter or suppress and threat or use
of arms in violation of the purposes and principles of the United
Nations.
- STATES SHOULD SEEK WIDEST AGREEMENT AT EARLIEST DATE WHILE
CONTINUING TO SEEK MORE LIMITED AGREEMENTS WHICH WILL FACILITATE AND
FORM PART OF THE OVERALL PROGRAM FOR SECURED GENERAL AND COMPLETE
DISARMAMENT IN A PEACEFUL WORLD
States participating in the
negotiations should seek to achieve and implement the widest possible
agreement at the earliest possible date. Efforts should continue
without interruption until agreement upon the total programme has been
achieved, and efforts to ensure early agreement on and implementation
of measures of disarmament should be undertaken without prejudicing
progress on agreement on the total programme and in such a way that
these measures would facilitate and form part of that programme.
© 1985-2005 Geoffrey Darnton. All rights reserved. gdarnton@nuclearwarfaretribunal.org